The decline of the Great Muslim Empires Essay Example for Free

The decline of the Great Muslim Empires EssayFrom the middle of the fifteenth century and up to the end of the eighteenth century three Great Muslim Empires had been dominating in the Islamic zone of then world the comforter Empire in Asia Minor, the Mughal Empire in India, and the Safavid Empire in Persia, forming the virtually rapidly expanding forces in world affairs (Kennedy 1989).They all failed sooner or later due to the interior factors such as frailening of centralised political control, excessive enlargement of the territories, religious diversity, and rulers conservatism resulted in failure to implement the modern technologies (Kennedy 1989). The prevailing factors of their old were not the same for each of them, although there were several common ones. moreover the major contribution to the process of their decay was made by the outer world. innate weaknesses were enough to wreck the Muslim empires, but each also failed to recognize the threat to their dominanc e posed by the rise of the West.By the beginning of the 17th century the main world communication routes didnt pass through the Middle vitamin E any more and the European states dominated at sea crook a profit from their advances in science and technology and successfully carrying out the gunpowder policy as well as promoting their conduct on the territories ahead controlled by the Muslim empires (Wells 1933). To light upon the factors which led to the decline of the Great Mughals, the Safavid Dynasty, and the Ottoman Empire, while the Europeans went ahead, we should investigate their features, compare them and draw a conclusion.Considering chronology of their decline, one can find a certain similarity the period of extinction went along by the reign of a certain leader the Ottomans fell apart after Suleyman the lawgiver rule, the Safavids by the end of Abbas Is reign, and the Mughals after Aurangzers rule. The timing of collapse for the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal empire s substantially differ. While the Ottoman state declined for the period of three centuries, the Safavids drop was much faster as well as those of the Great Mughals.The reason of rapid Safavids decay noticeably lied in the uselessness to defend from the neighboring Ottoman Empire in the seventeenth century resulted in complacence of the Safavid Shans, their growing corruption and decadence. The Mughal Empires fall is owed to heavy hand rule and aggressive East India Company swop policy. Ottoman rulers in turn had a very misfortunateterm policy unwilling to develop their territory as well as to invest in it and mercilessly exploiting fetch and batchs, they relied on continuous expansion for stability, and when the empire did not grow, it gradually collapsed (Hooker 1999).The Ottoman Empire was the longlived one in comparison with the Mughals and the Safavid dynasty (a shortlived one). It reached its peak by 1600 under the reign of Suleyman the Magnificent and then has been gradual ly declined up to the end of the eighteenth century, but even survived through the First earth War, and was disbanded in 1918.The Mughal Empire survived until 1857, it, as Phillip Myers affirmed, lasted upwards of 300 years, until destroyed by the English in the present century, but in fact its rulers after 1803 were the pensioners of the East India Company (Myers 1902). As for the Safavids their demise after the reign of Abbas I was too prompt, and internal disorder plagued the empire which resulted in Afgans successful conquest of its capital Isfahan in 1722 (Hooker 1999).The Ottoman Turks were to falter, to turn inward, and to loose the chance of world domination To a certain extent it could be argued that this process was the natural consequence of earlier Turkish successes the Ottoman army, however well administrated, might be able to maintain the lengthy frontiers, but could hardly expand farther without enormous cost in men and money (Kennedy 1989).The latter thought by Pau l Kennedy could be referred not only to the Ottomans it also determines one of the main economic reasons underlying the constitution of Safavids and Mughals sunset. It is very expensive business to draw off an empire encompassing vast territory and one day such empire becomes too big to be successfully governed. The rapid expansion of the Muslim Empires spread their governments and military administrations too thin. The enormous expenses impoverished them and built up longstanding hostility among the people towards the lavish emperors. This subsequently led to the frequent rebellions and instability in the society in all three concerned empires (Hooker 1999).The lack of flexibility in status to the newer weaponry and resistance to any military technology that threatened the dominance of the Muslim Empires caused them to fall behind Western nations. Backwardness of Janissaries, their hereditary membership since 1637 resulted in transformation of Ottomans mesomorphic army into a mob of cobblers and weavers.In case of the Mughals the most dramatic effect was taken by the recruitment of slave armies that at last became to dominate their hirers and govern independently. Similarly to them the Safavid Shan Tahmasp I begun introduction of converted slaves into military since the middle of the sixteenth century who later would acquire positions of influence under Shah Abbas I. But after conclusion of the treaty delimitating frontiers with the Ottomans in 1639 the army got peace and declined in size and quality (Kennedy 1989).During the seventeenth century all three empires showed the signs of weakening centralized political control. At the same time vast corruption among the bureaucracy and local aristocracy became evident. In the Safavid Empire which was a theocracy unlike the Ottoman and Mughal nations a new class of wealthy religious aristocrats owed everything to the state, but plundered it. Later sultans in the Ottoman Empire reduced to puppets dominated by Janissaries and viziers. Venality and corruption run through all level of bureaucracy.The last Mughal powerful emperor Aurangzeb decided to extend the territory under his control to the entire Indian subcontinent, and this campaign although world successful emptied his exchequer and increased his enemies. He faced rebellions in the north, and throughout the empire Islamic invaders, Hindu separatists and Sikh revolutionaries caused centralized political control to ensure down. Furthermore the rebellions in all three empires were excited over economic reasons the heavy tax burden posed on peasants, alienation of the nonMuslim merchant classes in the Ottoman Empire land seizures from Quizilbash landholders by the Safavid ruler Abbas I a punitive tax on Hindu subjects reimposed by the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb (Hooker 1999).Religious diversity also contributed to the Great Muslims decay, although not so much as the above mentioned factors. Without religious tolerance the empires got a great some(prenominal) internal enemies disposed to the rebellions. The complexity of religion issue interrupted also the further development of the Muslim Empires. For example, Paul Kennedy stated with respect to the Mughals, that the system was weak at the core. The sheer rigidity of Hindu religious taboos militated against modernization (Kennedy 1989).The crisis in the Muslim Empires deepened also due to the external factors. They all were based on land routes, not sea travel, and this enabled the Europeans to dominate in trade by sea after discovering African water route to India by the Portuguese explorers. Muslim monopoly of trade with Asia ended then which unsettled the Ottoman economy and led to the inflation there.Although the English occasionally traded through Persia, the Safavids economy was weakened as well by the general loss of trade. Since the seventeenth century the trade routes in the world went through the oceans, which let the Europeans to have a great advantage controlling the trade by sea with India and the Far East. Having no seafaring skills, the Muslim Empires failed to resist to such domination, and they were to be reconciled with the presence of the Europeans in their cities (Wells 1933).In conclusion, the immense Muslim Empires were doomed to lose to the Europeans who advanced in science and technology, removed one of the sources of profit for the Muslim merchants having discovered new trade sea routes, and rose powerful nationstates able to gain territories not only due to gunpowder policy, but as the result of successful economic invasion.The Western Europeans, and particularly the Dutch, the Scandinavians, the Spanish, the Portuguese, the cut and the British were extending the area of their struggles across the seas of all the world Great innovation, the oceangoing sailing ship, was inexorably extending the range of European experience to the further most limits of saltwater (Wells 1933).BibliographyHooker, Richard. World Civil izations. Islam. Washington State University Web Site. 1999. http//www.wsu.edu8080/dee/MODULES.HTMKennedy, Paul. The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers. London Fontana Press. 1989. Pp. 1016.Myers, Phillip V. N. A General History for Colleges and last Schools. Boston, U.S.A., and London CINN Company Publishers. 1902. Pp. 460464.Wells, Herbert G. A Short History of the World. London Waterlow Sons Ltd. Printers. 1933. Pp. 168235.

Education Role in the United States Essay Example for Free

Education Role in the United States EssayThrough out the history of our nation, genteelness has played an important role in the United States. Republican and Democrats can both agree that education is absolute necessary in out country. Recently, the federal official government has take control over the states duties.The education system was first set out for the states responsibility but the federal government has taken over.so, with educaiton beingness the one of the polices in the agenda, george bush passes the No Child Left Behind act. This law was put into affect to make sure that all students are purpose sucess in school. while, this act has a intantion the act had fail and has actually caused harm than good.

Through the Tunnel Essay Example for Free

Through the turn over EssayDoris Lessing is a British writer who has a ground of upbringing in various Afro-Asian countries like Persia and Rhodesia. unless she is living in Britain since 1949. She has written extensively about the racial and also has taken into key out the feminist themes like male-female relationship and female individuation and freedom in contemporary Western society. There an autobiographical element in Through the Tunnel and she describes her own experiences in it. Symbolism is an important literary element that she utilizes in a subtle way to covey her themes. Through the Tunnel symbolizes her own teenage experience at recognizing her difference with the world where she resides and the world she belongs to and the passage through the channel of identity crisis.The two areas of coast galosh border and dangerous beach Jerry looks at when he arrives at the coastline symbolize the two different worlds. Like Lessing he resides at a spatial relation whe re he has no solace. He connects his scram to that crowded beach due to the fact she has no identity of her own and is lost among the crowd. Lessing reflects her own image in the form of Jerry as her own parents particularly her mother lost her true identity and remained a part of the world where they resided i.e. Persia and Rhodesia.They neither became a part of that society nor their own. Jerrys struggle is that of an individual stressful to find his place in the world (Sobeloff, 1997) Her mother helps him in this regard although she is concerned about him but she thinks that Of course hes old enough to be safe without me. (Lessing) So she decides to let him go by saying Are you tired of the usual beach, Jerry? Would you like to go somewhere else? (Lessing)The Safe beach is a place that Lessing belongs too. Jerry feels a sense of independence and security while playing on that safe beach. That somewhere else is the place where he craves to go for. For Lessing that place is Engla nd i.e. her maternal genetic home. Although she resided among the native African and felt their pathos and miseries but like Jerry, she kept his distance at a stones throw. (Lessing)Because she was different racially, linguistically and culturally. As all of them ruin smooth dark brown, and speaking a language he did not understand. (Lessing) Lessing and Jerry were different from them. The difference was not deep and based on hatred as They shouted cheerful greetings at him. (Lessing) Sobeloff says that while there is no overt color bar guiding the interactions between Jerry and the older boys (Sobeloff, 1997) but it was psychological. So Lessing felts the labor of Africans but psychologically she was an English being.The passage through the tunnel is an effort for ones own identity and freedom. Lessing has to go through the suffering of this identity but she took it as challenge like jerry. Passage through this identity tunnel was marked with pathos and miseries but she never ga ve up. Whenever a child hankers later such an adventurous journey, there are friends, relative and parents who counsel and help in these issues but for Jerry there is no one to provide answer to his questions and to excuse him. Same was the case with Lessing. She struggled all alone for her identity and there was no help of any sort available to her.Hanford has beautifully summed up this challenge in her life Lessings life has been a challenge to her belief that people cannot resist the currents of their time, as she fought against the biological and cultural imperatives that fated her to sink without a murmur into labor union and motherhood. (Hanford, 1995) Jerry toiled day ad night to pass that tunnel That day and the next, Jerry exercised his lungs as if everything, the whole of his life, all that he would become, depended upon it.And again his nose bled at night, and his mother insisted on his coming with her the next day. (Lessing) Lessing went through the same toil and effo rt to remove the chasm between herself and her true identity. Because the beach where she was residing It was not her beach. (Lessing) Finally she won her fight and But unlike Jerry she gave in at once. (Lessing) Helleron clearly depicts the inner satisfaction of Lessing by saying that When Jerry finally achieves his goal, there is no fanfare, no applause, just a quieten celebration within himself knowing that he succeeded. (Helleron, 1997)ReferencesHanford, Jan. Biography. A Readers Guide to The Golden Notebook Under My Skin,Harper Perennial, 1995.Holleran, Karen. Through the Tunnel The Search for Identity and toleration. Short Stories for Students, Gale Research, 1997.Lessing, Doris. The Habit of Loving. London MacGibbon Kee, 1957Sobeloff, Judy. Short Stories for Students, Gale Research, 1997.

UNICEF, UNESCO and MDGs

UNICEF, UNESCO and MDGsUNICEFThe United Nations Childrens Fund (UNICEF) is a world boldness that per public figureanceings to secure every Right of the Child. It counts to solve most(prenominal) of problems related to minorren such as poverty, educational activity, violence, disease, and discrimination. Moreover, it withal works to spread the Right of Child in umpteen countries to ensure that every child tolerate develop proper life as other people. It has authority to effect every organisation to act on any problems related to children. UNICEF believes that their execution tidy sum salute wholly children the trounce start in hold outs so that they all can throw better future. approximately countries in the world soundless have worse culture that non allow girl go to coach. In this case, UNICEF plays very important roles that help promote girls education to ensure that they can at least(prenominal) complete primary groomtime. To help them can attend schools , they volition be able to be better citizens, and better p arnts to their societies and families. It also works to protect children from getting common childhood disease so that they can enjoy living their lives longer. Furthermore, UNICEF works to prevent children from getting spreading disease HIV/AIDS. In doing so, children and their families can live happily. Also, it keeps children living in protective surround that they go away not suffer from violence, abuse, and exploitation. Last but not least, UNICEF also acts to ensure that in that location will be no discrimination against women and girls. There will be sexual activity balance in every work friendship and school. To sum up, UNICEF acts to ensure that all young people can live in proper lives and can prevent from any kinds of exploitation.UNESCOUnited Nation Educational, scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) works to take a crap the environment for discussion between society, cultures and peoples, based u pon value for generally to share. Throughout this discussion the world can accomplish worldwide visions of sustainable increment surrounding execution of human right, mutual respect and the improvement of poverty. The of import objective of UNESCO is to give international society agree all the goals of development goals that ac association the millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Also, the major programs of UNESCO to deal with are education, natural science, social and human science, culture, communication and information. It does not only act in these programs but there are still many special programs that it acts on. Moreover, the main mission of UNESCO is work to contribute to the building of peace, the alleviation of poverty, sustainable development and cross-cultural dialogue through with(predicate) the main programs of UNESCO. The global priorities that this organization focuses on are Africa and gender equality.The Millennium Development GoalsThe Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) is the response of the United Nation to deal with octonary global issues the most developing countries meet nowadays. The MDGs is created to achieve eight anti-poverty goals by 2015 as the target. All member states of the United Nation must adopt the Millennium Development Goals to reduce poverty. Cambodia has adapted the MDGs since 2003 in believing that it could bring more development in the country. There are only eight anti-poverty goals but Cambodia has nightspot goals that include eradicate the extreme hunger and poverty, achieve universal primary education, promote gender equality and empower women, reduce child mortality, improve motherlike health, combat HIV/AIDS malaria and other diseases, ensue environmental, and de-mining, UXO, and victims assistance.II. Cause and Effect of Child who do not attend schoolCambodia fell into the civil wars in a few decades that cause Cambodias society full of problems. Because Cambodia is still a developing country, there a re still many problems with children and education. Actually, in the world of today, pick outledge and education are really crucial for people in general as a concept to live in a fast-changing world. Therefore, school is the best place to educate them.Cause of Child not going to schoolFamily around Childs who do not complete school do so because of family problems. Some parents are not interested in education and do not bread and butter their children in studying. In addition, they use their childrens effort and value time to collect money to fill the family necessity. In this generation, children should be in school, not at work. To speak frankly, it is not the parents fault at all virtuallytimes this situation is compelled to exceed owning to the poverty in the developing country hence, they cannot afford money for children to go to school punctually. Concerning the family problem, it affects on their children decide not attend school.The other reason is work pressure. Some families are poor and need their children to work in order to increase the income. Anyway, some Childs are in charge of household chore. Every day they have to complete their duties in advance before coming to school. It looks pitiful that they do not have enough time to concentrate on their study. parliamentary procedureSociety is also included as a source of not going to school of Childs. In some schools, there are still some corruptions that illegally charge money for registering for their studies. Also, some studyers charge too oft money for extra classes that is the reason why some Childs cannot pay. Moreover, there are still not enough schools in Cambodia, especially in rural areas. Moreover, if there is a school in that area, there are still many families that live far away from that school consequently, Childs who live far away from school still cannot attend school.Effect of Child not going to schoolsChilds themselvesEven though some Childs skip school to do something go od else, it still has bad effects on their lives. Firstly, they will lack of knowledge and a critical view to challenge in life. They will not be qualified to apply for a good job in the job market. If possible, they just take on tough work that cannot earn their own living properly. This kind of work not only offers a low rent but a hard working one, so they still survive under the poverty line. Additionally, they easily suffer from exploitation and trafficking by different ways.The other negative effect is that they will imitate a foreign culture unconsciously. Cambodia culture will face the losing of its own identity. Why so? In general, school is a place where they teach Childs to know and maintain those valuable cultures since Khmer ancestors made up many centuries ago. If Childs do not complete their obligation to attend school and are not interested in these, they will accept the foreign culture quickly. It is very dangerous that people in one nation dont know close to th eir culture.Societynot going to school also has negative effects on society. Obviously, children who do not attend school usually become street children that could make the society disorder and messy. With regards to the not attending school children, Child themselves will become a low-educated person. The ignorance brings the society some disasters in the following. The social economic will set down because of lack of human resources to work. Some people are easily cheated by foreigners and foreign culture may come into the society with no choice. Most significantly, identity of the country will be kept in one place and the whole country easily fall into a colony of foreigners. Ignorance also brings a disease and poverty to the country. It can be concluded that the ignorance from not going to school is a darkness covering everything and is a hindrance and a big danger to proceed with development of the country.III. Action of UNICEF, UNESCO, and the MDGs in CambodiaUNICEF is not wo rking alone with children in Cambodia, but there is cooperation with the Royal Government of Cambodia (RGC) to create a program called the Country Program of Cooperation (CPC). The CPC deals with a broad range of issues affecting children such as child survival, early childhood care and development, full-dress and non-formal education for all ages, HIV/AIDS, and special protection issues. Through the CPC, UNICEF significantly contributes to policies in all major social factors, formulation of national legislation, especially child protection, health and education. The main program that UNICEF works on education of children in the field is known as Seth Koma (Rights of Child). This program has been enthusiastically taken up in 700 villages in six rural provinces across Cambodia. UNICEFs child rights program works with rural communities to build pre-schools that provide children with a safe learning environment and provide literacy classes more often than not for young women, includ ing access to clean water and latrines. Also, it is helping children to enroll in primary schools at appropriate ages. The backup consisted in bringing up volunteer teachers, providing teaching materials and controlling by technical staff from the provincial and district level. Supported by UNICEF, the primary school in rural areas, where girls had achieved a pass rate of 91 percents in 2008 is a good result of UNICEFs work. Seth Koma is empowering communities to build better lives for their children. Since this program has implemented in Cambodia, it has assisted about 900 pre-schools in six provinces in rural areas that could help bringing early education to about 20,000 children.Similarly, UNESCO is not working directly in the field of education in Cambodia. Most programs of UNESCO are directly executed by different ministry and government agencies such as Ministry of Education, Youth, and Sports. In the field of education, UNESCO works as substitute Chair of the Education Sec tor Working Group (ESWG) in donor coordination to maximize the donor to support all basic programs in Cambodia that provides technical assistance to the MoEYS to identify strategies and resources to help achieve the Education for All. Moreover, UNESCO has taken active role to support all areas of education with special objectives on Early Childhood wish well and Education, Basic Education, Teacher quality and Status improving, Literacy and Non-formal Education. In addition, UNESCO has contributed to the on-going education reform by identifying and adapting actions to the local needs. This capacity has been processed to enhance the use of Information and chat Technologies in second and steeper education to reform the Technical and Vocational Education and Training which can reduce the gap of youth and the labor market. With the support of UNESCO, there has been initial progress for improving access all levels of education. It helps to reduce the percentages of incomplete schools f rom 21 percents in school year 2007/2008 to 18 percents in school year 2008/2009 and helps to deploy 95 percents of newly trained teacher to under staffed schools and in remote areas. The total enrolments of pre-school grew from 72,224 children (35,929 girls) in school year 2003/2004 to 79,585 children (40,013 girls) in school year 2007/2008. According to UNESO Institute of Statistic, primary enrolment increased by 15 percents. MoEYS has been getting about 350,000 children into school every year that they are mostly girls in rural areas and children from poor families consequently, primary school net has increased from 77.8 percents in 1997/1998 to 83.8 percents in 2000/2001 and to 93.3 percents in 2007/2008 which shows that children are really encouraged to attend school both boys and girls. For secondary schools, the net enrolment has grown from 27 percents in 2000/2001 to 63.6 percent in 2007/2008.While the Cambodia Millennium Development Goals have to reach a target at 2015, the target of education is the most important one that it is a foundation for all other development goals. However, recent statistics illustrates that for every light speed boys out of school, there are still 117 girls in the same situation. Also, millions of children will continue to die needlessly, which keeps the rest of the process of development of other goals at risk. If Cambodia can meet the Education Goal, the other goals will booth process toward every other Millennium Goal. By educating children helps the level of poverty reduce and promote gender equality. It is linked to Goal 3, gender parity, as the primary education by definition requires gender parity. Furthermore, free primary school for all children is a high commitment of the governments under the 1989 Convention of the Rights of the Child.IV. ChallengesTo improve the education firmament in Cambodia, UNICEF, UNESCO, and royal government of Cambodia have cooperated intensively. However, there are many challenges that the education sector cannot improve much. First, the challenge is because of the Cambodia governance. The education system in Cambodia is very poor that is absence of education quality and trained staff, corruption, and lack of moral of low-wages teachers. The low wage of teaching have forced teachers who lack of moral to create informal classes or extra classes that require students to pay more for those classes, and it is a burden for all poor students. Moreover, students who cannot afford to study in informal classes may face to fail their examinations in classes, repeat grades, or drop out of schools. Although the Ministry of Education, Youth, and Sports forbidden teachers to form informal classes for own fees, we can still see the practice of collecting fees from students. According to the Times Higher Education Supplement said that, Cambodian students have long admitted that examinations go hand in hand with money. It still costs around US $2,000 or $3,000 for someone to get into a school of law. Hence, there is high corruption in education in Cambodia from the low level. Because of the growing corruption in education, there are many concerns about student who do not know anything can pass exams to enter universities. Although the figure point out that, students who enroll for universities increase, we still cannot guarantee that the education system in Cambodia has meliorate. This is the main point that the government should deal as soon as possible. Second, the government is worried whether Cambodia can achieve the CMDGs by 2015. According to the government of Cambodia said, Cambodia will not be able to achieve the CMDGs by 2015 unless its national efforts are strengthened all support. Then Cambodia would fall far behind other developing countries in Asia and Africa that can be widening social and economic disparities in the region. Hence, it is very important to work out to address Cambodias challenges. Another major concern of Cambodia government t owards CMDGs is the existing of high percentage of over-aged children stuck up in the primary level, and the issue of reducing the gap between boys and girls in basic education since the performance in 2006 show big shortfalls of the target, especially in lower secondary education. Another challenge is that, since the country is poor hence, the physical infrastructure is also poor that make it more difficult to build schools in remote areas and border areas. Furthermore, they only offer a macro level perspective which does not reflect the much lower enrolment rates that are reported in remote areas among disadvantages groups, including children with disabilities, the very poor and ethnic minorities, said the government. In short, there are many obstacles that Cambodia faces in dealing with the improvement of education system.V. ConclusionAs the previous parts already mentioned about what are role of UNICEF, UNESCO, and the MDGs in Cambodia, we all know the benefits of these organiza tions and this policy to Cambodia. Since Cambodia is still a poor country, the government does have enough capacities to provide education to all people and to all levels of education. Talking about UNICEF, without it, peradventure most of young Cambodians who live in rural or remote areas still cannot have chance to attend school. As mentioned, the main program of UNICEF in Cambodia is Seth Koma that provide schools with safe environment in about 700 villages of six provinces. Because of building schools and the encouragement of this organization make more students enroll for education in both early age and teenagers. And the numbers of students enroll for education is increasing dramatically in the provinces that UNICEF has taken action in. Similarly, with the help from UNESCO, Cambodia enables to improve education system. This organization works as useful tool for Cambodia in finding budget to support the Ministry of Education, Youth, and Sports to provide education to all Cambo dia. Moreover, it brings advance technology to education in second and higher education that can make more children clear about study and work. By doing this, it helps to reduce the gaps of youth and labor markets. The actions of this organization are very necessary to Cambodia that it can motivate more students to complete the education degree and can push up the numbers of students enroll for education in all levels. Surprisingly, the numbers of female students is also increasing significantly, not only male students. Talking the MDGs in Cambodia, with the help of UNESCO in finding fund to support the MDGs in Cambodia, the government of Cambodia will enable to meet the requirements by 2015 as they have planned. Even though there are many challenges that these organization faced, the action of them still provide a lot of benefit to education sector in Cambodia. Compare to without the actions of these organizations, the education sector will not be improved that fast. All in all, UN ICEF, UNESCO, the MDGs provide many advantages to Cambodian society.

Monitoring Therapeutic Drugs: Strategies

Monitoring cure Drugs StrategiesThis article provides an introduction into some of the current proficiencys and seeks utilised in Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM) TDM is a multi disciplinary function that measures detail doses at intervals to ensure a constant therapeutic submergence in a patient quality rake stream. The selection of an analytical technique for TDM involves a choice between immuno hinderance and chromatography technique. Once the method actingology has been chosen, there are excessively numerous options procedureable within these categories including FPIA, EMIT, KIMS, HPLC and nephelometric immuno hindrance. An everywhereview of each method is given and its processing of doses. The future outlook in the methodological analysis involved in TDM is also explored and discussed.INTRODUCTIONTherapeutic medicate monitor lizarding (TDM) is a multi disciplinary function that measures specific doses at selected intervals to ensure a constant therapeutic concen tration in a patient store stream. (Ju-Seop Kang Min Hoe Lee) The response to well-nigh medicine concentrations is therapeutic, sub-therapeutic or toxic and the main objective of TDM is to optimize the response so the serum drug concentration is retained within the therapeutic range. When the clinical effect contribute be easily measured such as heart rate or blood pressure, adjusting the dose according to the response is competent (D.J. Birkett et al). The practice of TDM is necessitate if the drug meets the fol sufferinging criteriaHas a narrow therapeutic rangeIf the level of drug in the plasma is directly proportional to the adverse toxicIf there is appropriate applications and systems available for the management of therapeutic drugs.If the drug effect sacknot be assessed by clinically observing the patient (Suthakaran and C.Adithan)A list of commonly monitored drugs is given in table 1.The advances in TDM have been assisted by the availability of immunoassay and chrom atographical methods linked to detection methods. Both techniques meet the systemic requirements of sensibility, precision and accuracy. Within both methods are many numerous options and bequeath be further explored in this title. Ideally the analytical method chosen should distinguish between drug molecules and substances of similar musical theme, detect minute quantities, be slowly to adapt within the science lab and be un impact by other drugs administrated. An overview of the current analytical techniques and future trends in TDM is emphasised in this title and its role in laboratory medicine.NEPHLEOMETRIC immunochemical assay AND its USE IN TDM immunoassays play a critical role in the monitoring of therapeutic drugs and a range of techniques in which the immunoassay can be existed exist. Nephleometric immunoassays are widely expenditured for TDM and are ground on the principle of hapten drug inhibition of immunoprecipitation. The precipitation is measured using nephelome tric principles that measure the degree of weak separate produced. In some cases Turbidmetry principles can be applied to measure precipitation via the amount of transverse unobjectionable.In nephleometric immunoassays, if the drug molecule is a monovalent antigenic substance, a soluble immunocomplex is formed. However if the drug molecule is a multivalent antigenic substance, whereby two drug moieties are conjugated to a newsboy protein, the conjugate reacts with the antibody to form an insoluble complex. The insoluble complex whitethorn compose of numerous antigens and antibodies, thus scattering the light. Therefore nephleometry of turbidmetry techniques are required to measure the reaction. In respect to this principle precipitation inhibition of a drug can be measured. The test sample (serum) is introduced to a fixed quantity of polyhaptenic antigen and anti drug antibody. The serum drug antigen competes with polyhaptenic antigen for blanket to the anti drug antibody. Any free drug present in the sample inhibits the precipitation between the antibody and polyhaptenic antigen. Therefore the drug concentration ids indirectly proportional to the formation of precipitate which is quantified by a nephelometer. The much polyhaptenic antigen present, the more precipitate is formed until the maximum is encountered. Further addition of antigen causes a reduction in the amount of precipitate formed due to antigen excess. The use of nephelometric immunoassay for TDM is termed combative due to the competitive binding for the sites on the antibody by the antigen. It also distinguishes the drug assay system from the conventional nephleometric immunoassay for proteins.Variations of this assay exist includingThe use of saliva or CSF may be used as an pick to serum. Both fudgenative matrixes contain less light scattering molecules and so a wallopingr volume of sample is used in order to compensate.Turbidmetric methods may also be applied to quantitative immuno precipation . turbidmetric analysis is preformed at a lower wavelength and similarly detects immunoprecipation like nephelometric techniques.End point analysis of immunoprecipitaion is commonly employed, in time rate analysis is also applicable. Addition of formaldehyde blocks further precipitation and is utilised in end point analysis.Agglutination inhibition immunoassay can also be detected by nephelometric immunoassay systems in which the drug or hapten is directly linked onto the surface of the particle and is generally suitable for low serum drug concentration while precipitation inhibition detects concentration above 1ug/mlIf homologus and heterologus drug concentrations are employ for antibody and polyhaptenic antigen preparations, sensibility and specificity may be affixd.Polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies may be employed in this assay. The use of monoclonal antibodies re locomotes any interference caused by antibody cross reactivity. Choosing a hybrid cell with the n early desirable antibody is difficult and therefore is close to likely to be less slender than the use of polyclonal antibodiesOverall the nephelometric immunoassay is an excellent assay system for TDM. Advantages over other assay systems include its simplicity, speed and low cost. It is a homogenized method that requires no separation clapperclaws or isotopes. Only two reagents are required in limited amounts as if the antibody to antigen ratio is not optimum, the sensitivity is decreased. This is due to the formation of less precipitate in the absence of drug. In the front man of a drug, inhibition is less efficient. The sensitivity of the assay depends on antibody hapten binding, however it yields high specificity. Therefore nephelometric precipitation inhibition immunoassays are a novel technique in the clinical practice of TDM.(Takaski Nishikawa Vol 1, 1984)FLUORESCENCE POLARIZATION IMMUNOASSAY AND its USE IN TDMFluorescence polarization immunoassay(FPIA) is a widely used 2 step homogenous assay that is conducted in the solution phase and is based on a rise in fluorescence polarization due to the binding of the fluorescent labelled antigen with antibody. The first step of the immunoassay involves the incubation of the serum sample with none labelled anti drug antibody. If the patient sample contains drug molecules, immune complexes will form between antibody and antigen. The second stage of this assay involves the addition of a flourscein labelled antigen (tracer) into the mixture(.Jacqueline Stanley 2002) The purpose of the flourscein tracer is to bind on any available sites on the drug specific antibody for detection purposes. If the first stage occurred in which the anti drug antibody formed a complex with the drug from the sample, less or no antigen binding sites will be available for the tracer to bind to. Consequently a higher proportion of the flourscein tracer is unbound in the solution. If the sample contains no drug an antigen, tint 1 doe s not occur and the anti drug antibodies will bind the flourscein antigen tracer. In this assay the degree of polarization is indirectly proportional to the concentration of drug present. ( Chris Maragos 2009)Fluorescence polarization is calculated to chink the concentration of drug present. Fluorscein labelled molecules rotate when they interact with polarised light. Larger complexes rotate less then smaller complexes and therefore preserve in the light path. When the large immune complex is labelled with a fluorescent tracer, it is easily detected once present in the light path. If no drug was present in the sample, the availability of binding sites on the antibody entices the fluorscein tracer to bind, restricting its motion answering in a higher degree of polarisation, Thus it is easy to identify that polarization is indirectly proportional to the concentration of drug present. The benefit of utilising FPIA in TDM includes the elimination of processed to separate bound and fr ee labels, an indicator that this assay is time efficient. An unique feature of this assay is that the label used is a flurophore and the analytical signal involves the measurement of the fluorescent polarization. ( Jacqueline Stanley 2002)A standard curve is constructed to determine the concentration of drug present and is easily reproducible due to the stability of the reagents utilized and the simplicity of the method. However FPIA has some limitations and is prone to interference from light scattering and endogenous fluorescent tracers in the samples. To help overcome these limitations variations on the technique is employed includingUse of a long wavelength labelThe fluorscein tracers utilized produce adequate signals, however light scattering events can interfere with these signals. The use of a long wavelength label permits extended fluorescence relaxation times which may be more sensitive for the detection of high molecular weight antigens on drugs.Use of CE-LIFThe use of ca pillary electrophoresis with laser induced fluorescence detection enhances the sensitivity of this method. This competitive FPIA separates free and antibody bound tracers and utilizes LIFP as a detection system.( David S. Smith Sergei A 2008)Overall FPIA has proven to be a time and cost effective, accurate and sensitive technique in TDM and remains one of the most promising methods in this clinical field.ENZYME MULTIPLIED IMMUNOASSAY TECHNIQUE AND its USE IN TDMEnzyme Mul visorlied Immunoassay Technique (EMIT) is an advanced version of the general immunoassay technique utilising an enzyme as a marker. EMIT is a 2 stage assay that qualitatively detects the presence of drugs in urines and quantitatively detects the presence of drugs in serum.( David S. Smith Sergei A )Both the competitive and non-competitive forms of this assay are homogenous binding based that speedyly analyze microgram quantities of drug in a sample. in the competitive assay, the patient sample is incubated with a nti drug antibodies. Antibody antigen reactions occur if there is any drug present in the sample. The number of unbound sites indirectly correlates with the drug concentration present. The second step involves the addition of an enzyme labelled specific drug which will bind to available binding sites on the antibody inactivating the enzyme. A enzyme widely used in EMIT assays is Glucose 6 Phosphate Dehydrogenase which primarily oxidises the substrate added (Glucose 6 Phosphate). The co-factor NAD+ is also reduced to NADH by the active enzyme. Any enzyme drug conjugate that is unbound remains active, therefore only in this case , can the oxidation of NAD+ to NADH occur. An increase in absorbance photometrically 340nm correlates with the amount of NADH produced. (Jacqueline Stanley 2002)A non competitive format of this assay also exists, where by drug specific antibodies are added in excess to the sample resulting in antigen antibody interactions if the drug is present. A fixed amoun t of enzyme drug conjugate is then added which occupy any unbound sites present on the antibody. The active enzyme that is unbound oxidised NAD+ to NADH indicating presence of free enzyme conjugate and subsequently drug molecules present. (chemistry.hull.ac.uk/)EMIT engineering is becoming increasingly popular as a method to monitor therapeutic drug levels. Drugs monitored using this technique includes anti asthmatic drugs, anti epileptic drugs and cardio active drugs. Radioimmunoassay work on the akin principle as competitive EMIT with the exception of the use of a radio isotope as a marker. Gamma radiation is emitted from the marker leading to a high level of sensitivity and specificity. As it uses radio isotopes it is not the most cost effective in todays modern environment.MICROPARTICLE IMMUNOASSAY AND its USE IN TDMMicroparticle agglutination technology uses latex microparticles and plays a leading role in TDM in the quantitative measurement of carbarbapenzaine, phenytoin, the ophylline and phenybarbital. Kinetic movement of microparticles in solution (KIMS) is a homogenous assay and is based on the principle of competitive binding between microparticles via covalent coupling. When free drug exists in the patient sample, it will bind to the antibody present. As a result the microparticle antigen complex fail to bind with the antibody and the formation of a particle aggregate does not occur. Micro particles in solution fail to scatter light cause a low absorbance reading. If the patient sample is negative for the drug, the micro particle drug complex binds to the antibodies. The complex that is formed upon binding blocks the transmitted light and causes light scattering resulting in increasing absorbance readings. Hence the degree of light scattering is inversely related to the concentration of drug present.Light scattering spectroscopy improves the sensitivity and quantitation of particle based immunoassays, thus making KIMS a passing sensitive and acc urate technique in TDM. Its popularity has developed by dint ofout the years for many reasons. Reagents required for this assay are in expensive and have high stability. KIMS is a universal assay and can be preformed on a alteration of analyzers. The assay has minimal interference as a change of absorbance is measured as a function of time while absorbance readings of interfering substances do not alter with time.( Frederick P. Smith, Sotiris A. Athanaselis)CHROMATOGRAPHY AND its USE IN TDMFor many years liquid chromatography has been linked to detection systems and its application in TDM is becoming incredibility popular. Liquid chromatography was initially employed in response to difficulties arising in Gas Chromatography (G.C) due to heat instability and non specific adsorption on surfaces. High Performance Liquid chromatography is the main chromatography technique utilized for TDM. Thin Layer Chromatography (T.L.C) and Gas Chromatography are other alternatives, however have li mitations that suppress their use in TDM. A derivatization step must be performed for highly polar and thermo liable drugs for G.C to be successful. TLC has a poor detection limit and is unable to detect low concentration of drug present. HPLC has revolutionized the monitoring of TDM with rapid speed and sensitivity of analysis and can separate a wider variety of drugs compared to GC and TLC. For this reason, HPLC is considered the most widely adaptable chromatographic technique when coupled with UV detection and spile Spectrophotometry for TDM.( Phyllis R. Brown, Eli Grushka)BASIC PRINCIPLES IN HPLCHPLC is a separation technique performed in the mobile phase in which a sample is broken pop into its basic constituents. HPLC is a separation technique that employs distribution differences of a compound over a stationary and mobile phase. The stationary phase is composed of a thin layer created on the surface of fine particles and the mobile phase flows over the fine particles while carrying the sample. Each component in the analyse moves through the column at a different speed depending on solubility in the phases and on the molecule size. As a result the sample components move at different paces over the stationary phase becoming separated from one another. Drugs that are localised in the mobile phase migrate immediate as to those that are situated in the stationary phase. The drug molecules are eluted off the column by gradient elution. Gradient elution refers to the steady change of the eluent composition and strength over the run of the column. As the drug molecules elute of HPLC is linked to a detection system to detect the quantity of drug present in the sample. Detection systems include mass spectrophotometry and UV detection. (Mahmoud A. Alabdalla Journal of Clinical Forensic Medicine)DETECTION SYSTEMS USED IN HPLC FOR TDMDetection of HPLC with a diode array unseeable detector has proved to be a sustainable application system in the identification af ter HPLC analysis. The use of UV detection allows the online possession the compounds UV spectra. These detection system absorb light in the range of 180-350nm. UV light transmitted passes through a sensor and from that to the photoelectric cell. This output is circumscribed to appear on the potentiometric recorder. By placing a monochromatoer between and light source and the cell, a specific wavelength is created for the detection , thus improving the detectors specificity. A wide quite a little light source can also be used as an alternative method. In this case the light from the cell is optically dispersed and allowed to capitulation on the diode array.( Mahmoud A. Alabdalla Journal of Clinical Forensic Medicine)HPLC can also be coupled to a mass spectrophotometer as a detection method. Mass spectrophotometry (MS) elucidates the chemical structure of a drug. Sensitivity of this technique is observed as it can detect low drug concentration in a sample. Specificity of this meth od can be futher enhanced by Tandem mass spectrophotometric analysis. This involves multiple steps of mass spectrophotometry. This is accomplished by separating individual mass spectrometer elements in space or by separating MS phases in time. (Franck Saint-Marcoux et al)FUTURE TRENDS IN TDM METHODOLOGYAGILENTS 1200 HPLC MICRO CHIPAgilents 1200 HPLC micro chip technology combines microfliudics with an easy use interface that confines the HPLC procedure tot his dynamic chip. The micro chip technology integrates analytical columns, micro cuvette connections and a metal coated electro spray tip into the chip to function as a regular HPLC analyzer. The compact chip reduces peak dispersion for a cease sensitive and precise technique. The microchip comes complete with an integrated LC system into sample enrichment and separation column. The operation of the chip is well defined and manageable upon insertion into the Agilent interface which mounts onto the mass spectrophotometer. The buil t in motorcar sampler loads the samples and the sample is moves into the trapping column by the mobile phase. Gradient flow from the pump moves the sample from the trapped column to the separation column. The drug is separated the same as the convention methods however reduced peak dispersion does produce better separation efficiency than the conventional method. This form of technology is currently in use in the United States but has not developed outside of the U.S(http//www.agilent.com)PHYZIOTYPE SYSTEMThis is the latest application on the market for the discourse and monitoring of drugs associated with metabolic disorders. The PhyzioType system utilizes DNA markers from several genes coupled with biostatisical knowledge to predict a patients risk of developing adverse drug reactions. (Kristen k. Reynolds Roland Valdes)AMPLICHIP CYP450 TESTThe Amplichip CYP450 turn up is a new technology that has revolutionised the TDM of anti psychotic drugs. This test has been approved by t he FDA in 2006 but is not currently in use in laboratories in Ireland. This test is used for the analysis of CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 genes, both of which have an influence in drug metabolism. The function of this test is to identify a patient genetic constitution so their phenotype is calculated. Based on the patient phenotype, a clinician determines the type of therapeutic strategy he/she will commence (Kristen k. Reynolds Roland Valdes)DISCUSSIONThis paper illustrates the increasing role of immunoassay and chromatography techniques in the clinical laboratory routine monitoring of therapeutic drugs. Before an analytical technique is introduced into TDM it must meet the requirements of sensitivity, accuracy and specificity needed for most TDM applications. The methodology of TDM in todays clinical setting revolves around the use of immunoassays and chromatography techniques. A range of immunoassays was discussed revolving around their principle and advantages and limitations. The majori ty of immunoassays utilised in the TDM are homogenous based for rapid analysis and efficient turn around time for drug monitoring. Most immunoassays involved in TDM are based on the same principle of competitive binding for antibody. The factor that distinguishes each immunoassay is the detection methods used. Detection methods discussed in this reviewed include nephelometric techniques, flourscein labels, enzyme labels and the use of micro particles. Each method relies on different detection principles as discussed, however characteristics common to all methods include accuracy, sensitivity and specificity. The methodologies discussed also are time and cost efficient, both essential in laboratory assays.Chromatographic techniques are also discussed with HPLC providing the most impact to TDM. Gas and thin layer chromatography are other chromatographic techniques, however neither can be utilised in TDM due to the limitations both techniques hold against TDM. . HPLC is a rapid sensiti ve method for the quantitation of drugs in a sample and for this reason is the most widely adaptable chromatographic technique applied in TDM. Like all chromatographic techniques drugs are separated based on the interaction of the drug with the stationary phase which determines the elution time. Detection methods primarily used are UV detection and mass spectrophotometryThe final thought on this overview of TDM was an insight into the future of its methodology and applications .Future and approved methods are discussed given a brief outline on each. The constant development of methodologies and techniques in this area of TDM are ongoing constantly holding the area of TDM one of the most fastest and interesting in clinical medicine.Literature Review The Impact Of Legalized miscarriageLiterature Review The Impact Of Legalized AbortionThe publication of the controversial paper on legalised abortion and its affect on the rate of shame by Levitt and Donohue (2001) has resulted in wides pread condemnation from a variety of sources, for example, Joseph Scheidler, executive direction of the Pro-Life Action league, described the paper as so fraught with stupidity that I hardly know where to start refuting it nuisance fell sharply in the United States in the 1990s, in all categories of crime and all parts of the nation. Homicide rates plunged 43 percent from the peak in 1991 to 2001, reaching the lowest levels in 35 years. The Federal Bureau of Investigations (FBI) violent and property crime indexes fell 34 and 29 percent, respectively, over that same period. (Levitt, 2004)In his journal The impact of Legalized abortion on crime Levitt attempts to offer evidence that the legalization of abortion in 1973 was the chief contributor to the recent crime reductions of the 1990s.Levitts guess is that legalized abortion may lead to reduced crime either through reductions in cohort sizes or through lower per capita offending rates for affected cohorts. The smaller cohort that results from abortion legalization means that when that cohort reaches the late teens and twenties, there will be fewer young males in their peak crime years, and thus less crime. He argues that the decision in Roe v Wade constitutes an sharp-worded legal development that can possibly have an abrupt influence 15-20 years later when the cohorts born in the wake of liberalized abortion would start reaching their peak crime years. In essence, Levitt puts forward the theory that unsought children are more likely to become troubled adolescents, prone to crime and drug use, than wanted children are. As abortion is legalized, a whole generation of throwaway(prenominal) births are averted leading to a drop in crime two decades later when this phantom generation would have grown up. To back up this point, Levitt makes use of a platform from previous work such as (Levine et al 1996) and (Comanor and Phillips 1999) who suggest that women who have abortions are those most likely to give birt h to children who would soak up in criminal activity. He also builds on earlier work from (Loeber and Stouthamer-Loeber 1986) who concludes that an adverse family environment is strongly linked to future criminality.Although keen not to be encroach into the moral and ethical implications of abortion, Levitt, through mainly empirical evidence is able to back up his hypothesis by concluding that a negative relationship between abortion and crime does in fact exist, showing that an increase of 100 abortions per 1000 live births reduces a cohorts crime by rough 10 per cent and states in his conclusion that legalized abortion is a primary explanation for the large drops in crime seen in the 1990s. wiz of the criticisms that can be levied against this study is its failure to take into consideration the effect other factors may have had in influencing crime rates during the 1980s and 1990s, such as the break down wave. Accounting for this factor, the abortion effect may have been mitiga ted slightly. Also Levitts empirical work failed to take into account the greater number of abortions by African Americans who he distinguishes as the race which commit the most amount of violent crime, and his evidence fails to identify whether the drop in crime was due to there world a relative drop in the number of African Americans.The list of possible explanations for the sudden and sharp decrease in crime during the 1990s doesnt hold on at Levitts abortion/crime theory and Levitt himself in his 2004 paper identifies three other factors that have played a critical role.The first is the rising prison house population that was seen over the same time period, and (Kuziemko and Levitt, 2003) attribute this to a sharp rise in incarceration for drug related offences, increased parole abrogation and longer sentences handed out for those convicted of crimes, although there is the possibility of a substitution effect taking place where punishment increases for one crime, potential criminals may recognize to commit alternative crimes instead.There are two ways that increasing the number of person incarcerated could have an influence on crime rates. Physically removing offenders from the residential area will mean the avoidance of any future crime they may plausibly commit during the time they are in prison known as the incapacitation affect. Also there is the deterrence effect, through raising the expected punishment cost potential criminals will be less inclined to commit a crime. As criminals face bounded rationality, expected utility gained from crime will have an effect on the amount of time spent devoted to crime. (Becker, 1968).A study conducted by Spelman (2000) examined the affect the incarceration rate would have on the rate of crime and finds the relationship to have an elasticity measure of -0.4 which means that an increase in the levels of incarceration of one percent will lead to a drop in crime of 0.4%.In Economic models of crime such as Becke r (1968), improvements in the legitimate labor market make crime less attractive as the return earned from legitimate work increases. Using this model, the free burning economic growth that was seen in the 1990s (Real GDP per capita grew by almost 30% between 1991 and 2001 and unemployment over the same period fell from 6.8 to 4.8 percent) could be seen as a contributing factor to the drop in crime witnessed and many scholars (such as) have come to that conclusion. However, the improved macroeconomic performance of the 90s is more likely to be relevant in terms of crimes that have financial gains such as burglary and auto theft and does not explain the sharp decrease seen in homicide rates. Also, the large increase in crime seen in the 1960s coincided with a decade of improving economic growth, further corroborating the weak link between macroeconomics and crime (Levitt, 2004).One other explanation for the drop in crime and the most commonly cited reason can be seen in the growing u se of police innovation, and an betrothal of community policing. The idea stemmed from the broken window theory, which argues that minor nuisances, if left unchecked, turn into major nuisances (Freakonomics)The main problem with the policing explanation is that innovative police practices had been enforced after the crime rate had already began declining, and perhaps more importantly, the rate of crime dropped in cities that had not experienced any major changes in policing (Ouimet, 2004).

The Analysis of Antonio’s Character :: Antonio Sebastian Essays

The compendium of Antonios Character The lines selected for analysis are Act II, Scene I, lines 277-291, when Antonio is trying to reassure Sebastian that violent death his brotherthe queen of Naplesis a good idea and well worth the effort. As the reader knows, Antonio usurped his brother, Prospero, and became the Duke of Milan. This sets the stage for his attitude towards Sebastians wanting to kill his brother, King Alonso. Because of Antonios past actions he sees nothing wrong with numberting rid of a family member for personal gain, but his reasons for doing so began at a youthful age and overhear been sculptured into his brain. Antonios psychological depth reveals that he is a man jealous of his brothers rightful power, and stemming from that is his insecurity and famish for power wherever he may find it (in this case, having power over Sebastian). Antonio is not a good person, has few conscientious thoughts, and is now trying to incite his companion to follow his lead. If Antonios brother, Prospero, was to hear the selected lines, he would say that the only time Antonio thinks about performing acts that will get him power, by eliminating those who currently have it, is when it is to his advantage. He would say that Antonio devises plans to get rid of leaders when they are at a disadvantage, and he at an advantage, because he doesnt feel that he could succeed otherwisehis insecurities kicking in. I dont think Shakespeare agrees with Antonio, and there are two examples in the play to support that. In response to Sebastians question about whether his sense of right and wrong would bother him after committing fratricide, Antonio replies, Ay, sir, where lies that? If twere a kibe / Twould put me to my slipper meaning that if his conscience was a small sore on the frump of his foot (a kibe), it would drive him to stop comfort able-bodied shoes but it would certainly not disrupt his life or stop him from doing what hes doing. This shows Antonio to be a cold-hearted man, one who is able to quiet that little voice inside his head and push it to the back of his brain and continue with his terrible acts. In the adjoining thought, he says, but I feel not this deity in my bosom, admitting he doesnt feel the tug of a conscience in his heart.The Analysis of Antonios Character Antonio Sebastian EssaysThe Analysis of Antonios Character The lines selected for analysis are Act II, Scene I, lines 277-291, when Antonio is trying to reassure Sebastian that killing his brotherthe King of Naplesis a good idea and well worth the effort. As the reader knows, Antonio usurped his brother, Prospero, and became the Duke of Milan. This sets the stage for his attitude towards Sebastians wanting to kill his brother, King Alonso. Because of Antonios past actions he sees nothing wrong with getting rid of a family member for personal gain, but his reasons for doing so began at a young age and have been etched into hi s brain. Antonios psychological depth reveals that he is a man jealous of his brothers rightful power, and stemming from that is his insecurity and lust for power wherever he may find it (in this case, having power over Sebastian). Antonio is not a good person, has few conscientious thoughts, and is now trying to convince his companion to follow his lead. If Antonios brother, Prospero, was to hear the selected lines, he would say that the only time Antonio thinks about performing acts that will get him power, by eliminating those who currently have it, is when it is to his advantage. He would say that Antonio devises plans to get rid of leaders when they are at a disadvantage, and he at an advantage, because he doesnt feel that he could succeed otherwisehis insecurities kicking in. I dont think Shakespeare agrees with Antonio, and there are two examples in the play to support that. In response to Sebastians question about whether his conscience would bother him after c ommitting fratricide, Antonio replies, Ay, sir, where lies that? If twere a kibe / Twould put me to my slipper meaning that if his conscience was a small sore on the heel of his foot (a kibe), it would drive him to wear comfortable shoes but it would certainly not disrupt his life or stop him from doing what hes doing. This shows Antonio to be a cold-hearted man, one who is able to quiet that little voice inside his head and push it to the back of his brain and continue with his terrible acts. In the next thought, he says, but I feel not this deity in my bosom, admitting he doesnt feel the tug of a conscience in his heart.

Comparing Spiritual Growth in Siddhartha and the Movie (Film), Seven Years in Tibet :: comparison compare contrast essays

Spiritual Growth in Siddhartha and the Movie (Film), Seven Years in Tibet The original Siddhartha and the film Seven Years in Tibet atomic number 18 both comparable. They watch similar plots and faecal matter relate to each other in many different ways. There are many characters that almost have identical personalities. In addition, both the novel and the movie are based upon ideas of Buddhism. Throughout both the novel and the movie there are many connections that can be made to show how both of these stories relate. During the movie and the novel there are many similar themes. There are many examples that show benignity for all living creatures. Having respect for all living beings is a belief for Buddhists. In the movie, Heinrich was building a movie theatre for the Dalai Lama. The townspeople were helping them, exclusively while they were digging they noticed earthworms were living there. It would be cruel for them to kill the earthworms so in order to build the movie theatre they must subscribe all of the earthworms and put them somewhere else to live. In the novel, Siddhartha always had respect for nature. The river is an object that meant a great deal to him. Siddhartha could never disrespect the river because that is what helped him get further on his journey to enlightenment. In the first-class honours degree of the movie, Heinrich leaves his wife pregnant. He doesnt care that he put climbing before his responsibilities of having a family. This shows how cold and egocentric Heinrich was in the beginning of Seven Years in Tibet. Siddhartha also has a period in his brio when he is egocentric. While Siddhartha was with the Samanas, all he cared about was his own well-being. The fine portions of food he acquired from begging was only to feed himself. Siddhartha never offered anything to anyone else while he was traveling with the Samanas. There are many characters from both the movie and the novel that are alike. Siddhart ha and Heinrich are both the main characters in which the story revolves around. They both are on a journey and grow throughout their trip. They learn what life truly means to each of them. Govinda and Peter are also two characters that are similar.